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The Ultimate Screenplay Format Reference

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INSERT

INSERT is used to bring something very small into full frame, for example a letter, a newspaper ad, a sign, a box of chocolates. It is not used to insert quick shots into the action and also not for bigger objects like a television. An INSERT should be followed with a BACK TO SCENE unless a master scene heading or a secondary headings follows anyway.

Directions like INSERT disturb the flow of reading so it is good advice to use them sparingly. For example, the following INSERT is not such a good idea:

INSERT - COLT .45 AUTOMATIC ON THE TABLE

BACK TO SCENE

This works just the same:
 

newspaper-highlighted


A colt .45 automatic lies on the table.
 


Here are two examples of INSERTs. The first is from Witness (imdb link), screenplay by Earl W. Wallace, William Kelley, Pamela Wallace:
 


INSERT WATCHFACE

It reads 4:30 a. m.

BACK TO BOOK

as he stares at it in disbelief.
 


The next is from An Officer and Gentleman (imdb link), screenplay by Douglas Day Stewart:
 


INSERT - THE OLD PHOTO

is of a handsome, young flight candidate in uniform, with a
stylish little moustache and dark bedroom eyes.

BACK TO SCENE
 


Action that happens on television could be simply described in the narrative. In oreder to draw special attention to the TV you could use a secondary heading. Here an example adapted from the shooting script of Poltergeist (imdb link), screenplay by Steven Spielberg:
 


She turns on her side. And her eyes open surreally. Ever so
slowly, she turns her head fully facing the TV. Carol Anne
smiles. A smile much too sophisticated for five-years-old child.

TV SCREEN

The snow mixes with new imagery. Forms. Vague but luminous. Always mingling. Impressionistic. Never hard-lined.
...
 

 

SUPER and SCROLL

SUPER stands for ‘superimpose’ or ‘superimposition’. It is used to indicate writing that is supposed to appear on screen on top of the images. The are normally used to inform the audience of time and place.

For example:
 


SUPER: “Two years later”
 


The words to be superimposed always appear between quotation marks. They can also be capitalized and/or indented. Thus, the following three versions are equivalent to the one above:
 


SUPER: “TWO YEARS LATER”
 


SUPER:
           “TWO YEARS LATER”
 


SUPER:
           “Two years later”
 


The indented versions are normally used for longer text, but it’s okay to use them like above.

If you want the words to scroll across the screen you should use the term SCROLL instead.

If you want to superimpose a quote on the screen before the movie begins the Screenwriter’s Bible recommends this way:
 


BLACK SCREEN:

SUPER:

       “Death is one moment, and life is so
       many of them.” (Tennessee Williams)

FADE IN:

...
 


Words on TV

You should not use SUPER when a character watches TV and the words appear on the TV screen. In that case better use a secondary heading to focus on the TV and write the words that appear there into the narrative.

Example:
 


Karen enters the room.

Nick’s eyes are fixed on the

TELEVISION

where the sun rises behind a triangularly shaped hill
covered with thick vegetation. A line “The Bosnian Pyramids”
appears at the bottom of the screen.
 

 

Action Stacking

If you have a lot of short, concise, one line paragraphs, you may choose to  stack these paragraphs by leaving out one line feed (hard return):

 


Karen enters the room.
Nick’s eyes are fixed on the television.
Under the kitchen door smoke creeps into the room.
Karen is stunned. Her eyes assess the situation.
The word “BACKDRAFT” appears on the screen.
 


Every line in the example above contains a separate visual image and thus belongs into its own paragraph. If these paragraphs don’t exceed one line, you can use this kind of action stacking.

The Screenwriter’s Bible doesn’t encourage its use, saying that most readers are used to the traditional way.

It should go without saying that if you decide to do it, you should use it consistently throughout your script.